Hi, I was looking at private CAs since I don’t want to pay for a domain to use in my homelab.
What is everyone using for their private CA? I’ve been looking at plain OpenSSL with some automation scripts but would like more ideas. Also, if you have multiple reverse-proxy instances, how do you distribute domain-specific signed certificates to them? I’m not planning to use a wildcard, and would like to rotate certificates often.
Thanks!
Edit: thank you for everyone who commented! I would like to say that I recognise the technical difficulty in getting such a setup working compared to a simple certbot setup to Let’s Encrypt, but it’s a personal choice that I have made.
Those projects essentially are the automation…
https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/205174/what-are-the-risks-of-installing-a-ca-on-the-same-machine-as-openvpn-server
More or less you’re adding a root certificate to your systems that will effectively accept any certificate issues with your CA’s key. If your PK gets stolen somehow and you don’t notice it, someone might be issuing certificates that are valid for those machines. Also real CA’s also have ways to revoke certificates that are checked by browsers (OCSP and CRLs), they may employ other techniques such as cross signing and chains of trust. All those make it so a compromised certificate is revoked and not trusted by anyone after the fact.
I do realise the security problem in keeping the private key safe. I plan to use a VM with encrypted storage underneath. Do you think that’s OK for a homelab, or should I invest time into integrating HSM modules from Nitrokey?
Why are you pushing for your own CA in the first place?
I would not like to use a public domain for my internal network. By extension, I do not want any public CA to know the domains and subdomains I use in my lab and home network
Okay that’s fair but if your only concern is about “I do not want any public CA to know the domains and subdomains I use” you get around that.
Let’s Encrypt now allows for wildcard so you can probably do something like
*.network.example.organd have an SSL certificate that will cover any subdomain undernetwork.example.org(eg.host1.network.example.org). Or even better, get a wildcard like*.example.organd you’ll be done for everything.I’m just suggesting this alternative because it would make your life way easier and potentially more secure without actually revealing internal subdomains to the CA.
Another option is to just issue certificates without a CA and accept them one at the time on each device. This won’t expose you to a possibly stolen CA PK and you’ll get notified if previously the accepted certificate of some host changes.
openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 \ -subj "/CN=$DOMAIN_BASE/O=$ORG_NAME/OU=$ORG_UNIT_NAME/C=$COUNTRY" \ -keyout $DOMAIN_BASE.key -out $DOMAIN_BASE.crt -days $OPT_days "${ALT_NAMES[@]}"My apologies, I didn’t word my concerns properly in the moment. I would like to run a private CA simply because I do not want to use a public domain for my internal network. It makes me deeply uncomfortable to use a public domain and get public certificates for something inherently so private (it’s more philosophical than technical, although I suppose that’s where a lot of opinionated technical decisions come from anyway). Your solution is elegant and simple, but I really do want to do it completely internally, and move towards zero trust security practices as I do. Basically, I want to start training myself on the security side of SRE in my lab, running services which matter to me and working like the more paranoid SRE teams in corporations work…I know this sounds like fantasy, and my needs might change going forward, but I’m also hoping to learn a lot from this and hopefully make this as robust as I can. Having a good security posture makes me feel warm inside :)